perپژوهشکده محیط زیست جهاددانشگاهیپژوهش و فناوری محیط زیست2676-30602676-30602026-051119118articleSeyedeh Bahareh Azimibaharazimi.env@gmail.com1Zahra Monsef Khoshhesabmonsefkh@yahoo.com2Zahra Ayaziayazi@azaruniv.ac.ir3Research group of Environmental risks and Assessment, Research Center for Environment and Sustainable Development (RCESD), Department of Environment (DOE), Iran.Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, Qazvin, Iran.Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahid Madani University of Azerbaijan, Tabriz, Iran.<p style="text-align: justify;">In this study, a magnetic nickel ferrite adsorbent was synthesized, characterized, and used for dye removal from an aqueous medium through adsorption. To this end, the effects of various parameters, including initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and solution pH, were investigated, modeled, and optimized using experimental design. Furthermore, the kinetics of the process were studied based on pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order equations, and the conformity of the process to the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms was evaluated. Characterization of the synthesized adsorbent revealed that the magnetic nanoparticles had an average size of 18 conformity nm. Modeling and optimization of the process were carried out using response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD). The results showed that under optimal conditions, i.e., an initial dye concentration of 110 mg/L, a contact time of 90 min, an adsorbent dosage of 0.05 g, and pH = 3, the equilibrium adsorption capacity was 3.76 mg/g (equivalent to 93.2% dye removal efficiency). Therefore, considering the dye structure and the type of adsorbent used, the removal efficiency was higher under acidic conditions. The study of adsorption kinetics and isotherms indicated that the process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Langmuir isotherm, and based on the Langmuir equation, the maximum dye adsorption capacity was 21.1 mg/g. Due to the magnetic nature of the adsorbent, it can be easily separated from the aqueous medium at the end of the process with minimal cost.</p>http://journal.eri.acecr.ir/Article/52107Wastewater treatment Adsorption process Magnetic nanoparticles Nickel ferritperپژوهشکده محیط زیست جهاددانشگاهیپژوهش و فناوری محیط زیست2676-30602676-30602026-0511191931articleHamzeh Saeidianhamzeah.4900@yahoo.com1Kohzad Heidarykohzad93@gmail.com2Mahmoud Najafi-Zilaeimahmoodnajafi1364@gmail.com3 Saeed Mehrjoumehrjousaeed@yahoo.com4Mehdi Mohammadi-Moghadammm.moghadam52@gmail.com5Assistant Professor, Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research, Khuzestan Agricultural and Natural Resource Research Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Ahvaz. Iran.Assistant Professor, Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research, Khuzestan Agricultural and Natural Resource Research Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Ahvaz. Iran.Researcher, Department of Forest and Rangeland Research, Khuzestan Agricultural and Natural Resource Research Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Ahvaz, Iran.Assistant Professor, Economic, Social and Extension Research Social and Economic, Social and Extension Research Department, Gilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, Iran.Department of Agronomic and Horticultural Sciences Research, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Semnan Province (Shahroud), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Shahroud, Iran.<p style="text-align: justify;">This study introduces desertification as one of the most serious environmental challenges in Iran and worldwide, arising from the fragility of arid and semi-arid ecosystems and the pressures resulting from human activities. It causes soil erosion, reduced fertility, declining groundwater levels, loss of vegetation, and increased dust events, with far-reaching socioeconomic consequences including unemployment, poverty, migration, and reduced food security. Desertification is not driven solely by climatic factors; geological structure, water and soil quality, and inappropriate human interventions also intensify it. Population growth and rising demand for food and natural resources increase pressure on land and accelerate degradation, while climate change further aggravates these conditions. This study aimed to investigate and analyze various methods for combating desertification in Iran and worldwide and identified 21 effective approaches. The findings show that integrating traditional methods with modern approaches&mdash;particularly &ldquo;smart desertification control&rdquo;&mdash;can provide the most effective strategy. Technologies such as drones and robots offer substantial potential for monitoring, mapping, seed sowing, vegetation restoration, and management of affected areas. They improve operational accuracy and speed, enable access to difficult areas, and support targeted conservation programs. The study ultimately emphasizes that water and soil conservation in desert areas is of particular importance. Scientific and precise implementation of modern and traditional methods, tailored to the characteristics of each region, can slow desertification and help restore the natural value of these lands.</p>http://journal.eri.acecr.ir/Article/52094Desert Desertification Control Modern and Smart Methods Water and Soil Conservationperپژوهشکده محیط زیست جهاددانشگاهیپژوهش و فناوری محیط زیست2676-30602676-30602026-0511193245articleMona Asalemnejad Gilevaeimona.asalemnejad@gmail.com1Assistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Research institute of Guilan Studies, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.<p style="text-align: justify;">The culinary diversity of Guilan Province, as one of the most important components of the region&rsquo;s identity and Cultural Components, holds significant potential for tourism development; however, effectively capitalizing on this potential is hindered by multifaceted challenges. This research aims to identify, analyze, and categorize the challenges of food diversity in the process of tourism development in Guilan Province and to propose practical solutions based on these challenges. Adopting a qualitative approach, the study utilizes the Braun and Clarke six-stages thematic analysis method. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with restaurateurs, local cooks, tourism professionals, food-sector managers, and food producers, selected via purposive sampling. The thematic analysis identified five main themes, including &ldquo;weaknesses in the educational and professional system,&rdquo; &ldquo;structural and infrastructural deficiencies,&rdquo; &ldquo;weaknesses in management, governance, and policymaking,&rdquo; &ldquo;weaknesses in marketing, branding, and media,&rdquo; and &ldquo;cultural, social, and market threats.&rdquo; Findings highlight that weak advertising and marketing, the lack of quality and hygiene standards, inadequate infrastructure, the absence of integrated planning, threats to the authenticity of local foods, and limited ability to attract international tourists are the most significant impediments to utilizing Guilan&rsquo;s food-related potential. To address these issues, practical solutions are proposed at three levels: at the macro level, the development of a comprehensive governance plan and the establishment of a quality standardization system are essential; at the infrastructural level, the development of physical and digital facilities, combined with the organization of specialized events, is recommended; and at the skills level, the expansion of professional training and the strengthening of digital branding can contribute to designing tourism products that meet market needs.</p>http://journal.eri.acecr.ir/Article/52840Food Tourism Guilan’s Food Diversity Challenges Tourism Developmentperپژوهشکده محیط زیست جهاددانشگاهیپژوهش و فناوری محیط زیست2676-30602676-30602026-0511194658articleElaheh SarhadiElahe.sarhadi.2022@gmail.com1Abbasali HaghparastAa.haghparastt@gmail.com2Reza Sotudehsotudeh@meybod.ac.ir3Alireza Hiradalireza.hirad@gmail.com4Department of Accounting, Zah.C, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan, Iran. Department of Accounting, Zah.C, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan, Iran. Department of Finance and Accounting, Faculty of Humanities, Meybod University, Meybod, Iran.Department of Accounting, Khas.C, Islamic Azad University, Khash, Iran.<p style="text-align: justify;">As financial overseers, auditors of the Supreme Audit Court play an effective role in monitoring the environmental performance of executive agencies. By assessing the extent to which organizations comply with environmental regulations, they can help protect the environment and enhance its quality. However, fulfilling this role is accompanied by numerous ethical challenges that may affect the effectiveness of environmental auditing. The purpose of this research is to identify and rank the environmental ethical challenges of the auditors of the Supreme Audit Court of Iran. This study was exploratory in terms of its objective and was conducted in 2024 using a mixed-methods research design (qualitative-quantitative). In the qualitative phase, interviews were conducted with 20 experts selected purposively, using a grounded theory approach. The statistical population included auditors of the Supreme Audit Court of Iran, auditors, and university faculty members. Based on Morgan&rsquo;s table, 384 individuals were selected as the sample. In the quantitative phase, the Friedman test was used to rank the environmental ethical challenges. In addition, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to validate the environmental ethical challenges, and SPSS software was employed for the statistical analyses. Based on the findings, 15 components&mdash;political factors, independence, legal factors, professional competence, attitudes and individual values, individual responsibility, education and learning, professional ethics, stakeholder considerations, environmental standards, sustainable development, environmental culture, value-related issues, evaluation and supervision, and sustainability reporting&mdash;along with 52 sub-indicators related to auditors&rsquo; environmental ethical considerations were identified and extracted.</p>http://journal.eri.acecr.ir/Article/49699Ethical Indicators Environmental Auditors Supreme Audit Court Performanceperپژوهشکده محیط زیست جهاددانشگاهیپژوهش و فناوری محیط زیست2676-30602676-30602026-0511195971articleseyede Mohadese Hatami Shahkhalimahdishatami1359@gmail.com1Seyyedeh Fatemeh Emamif_emami22@yahoo.com2Farzaneh Nasiri jan aghafzn_nasiri@yahoo.com3Habib Mahmoodi ChenariH.mahmoodi@acecr.ac.ir4Head of the Student and Cultural Affairs Department, Higher Education Institute of the Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Rasht, Iran.Post-Doctoral Researcher, Geography, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.Researcher, Department of Regional Studies, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Rasht, Iran.Assistant Professor and Faculty Member, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Rasht, Iran.<p style="text-align: justify;">Today, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are widely recognized as the backbone of national economies and play a vital role in employment creation and income generation. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the development of rural handicraft business clusters. To achieve this objective, the major obstacles and challenges in this field were identified and analyzed. This applied research employed both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Initially, the existing barriers were examined based on the opinions of experts and specialists. Subsequently, the influencing factors were identified, and path analysis was performed using SPSS version 26 to evaluate the direct and indirect effects of each factor. The findings indicate that, considering the identified barriers and challenges, business development, awareness-raising, accessibility, service provision, proximity to key development centers, investor attraction, financial facilities, economic stability, establishment of credit funds, support from relevant organizations, provision of advisory services, and the availability of infrastructural and supporting facilities are among the most influential factors contributing to the development of businesses in the cultural heritage sector.</p>http://journal.eri.acecr.ir/Article/51871Small Businesses Gilan Province Influencing Factors Development Cultural Heritageperپژوهشکده محیط زیست جهاددانشگاهیپژوهش و فناوری محیط زیست2676-30602676-30602026-0511197290articleMarziyeh Heydari Marziehheydari1999@gmail.com1Ali FazlolahiFazlollahi@guilan.ac.ir2Seyed Pedram Nainiva Pedram.Nainava@gmail.com3M.Sc. Student, Department of Rang and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmehsara, Iran.Assistant Professor, Department of Rang and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmehsara, Iran.Ph.D. in Watershed Management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.<p style="text-align: justify;">Landslides are among the most significant geomorphological hazards, posing a serious threat to natural resources, infrastructure, and human settlements. The aim of this study was to perform landslide susceptibility zonation in the Polrud Watershed using machine learning algorithms and to evaluate their performance comparatively. For this purpose, three machine learning algorithms&mdash;Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Decision Tree (DT)&mdash;were employed, and 19 landslide conditioning factors, categorized into topographic, hydrological, and environmental&ndash;anthropogenic groups, were utilized in the modeling process. The landslide inventory data were randomly divided into training (70%) and testing (30%) datasets for model evaluation. The performance of the models was evaluated using metrics including the Area Under the Curve (AUC), overall accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, correlation coefficient (R), F1-score, CV-ROC, and Cohen's kappa coefficient. The results showed that the RF algorithm outperformed the other models in identifying the spatial pattern of landslide susceptibility and, by providing a more realistic distribution of high-susceptibility zones, classified approximately 24% of the watershed area as high susceptibility. Accordingly, the AUC value of 0.75 and CV-ROC of 0.97 indicate appropriate model stability, although the overall accuracy of 0.62 reveals the impact of data imbalance. In contrast, the SVM model showed a greater tendency to classify areas as low susceptibility, whereas the DT model exhibited lower stability. Variable importance analysis confirmed the prominent role of the morphometric indices TRI and TPI, as well as the hydrological variables SPI and CN, in controlling slope instability. Overall, the research results confirm the superiority of the RF algorithm and its greater efficiency and reliability in landslide susceptibility zonation</p>http://journal.eri.acecr.ir/Article/52667Zonation Random Forest Geographic Information System (GIS) Natural Hazards Slope Instabilityperپژوهشکده محیط زیست جهاددانشگاهیپژوهش و فناوری محیط زیست2676-30602676-30602026-05111991107articleSeyedeh Fatemeh Mousavifmosavi.abfa@gmail.com1Leila ooshaksaraiel.ooshaksaraie@yahoo.com2Fatemeh Shariatifatemshariati@gmail.com3Fariba Safasafa@iaurasht.ac.ir4Hassan Karimzadegan Karimzadeganhakarimzadegan@yahoo.com5Department of Environment, La.C., Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran.Department of Environment, La.C., Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran.Department of Environment, La.C., Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran.Department of Chemistry, Ra.C., Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran.Department of Environment, La.C., Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran.<p style="text-align: justify;">In this study, septage treatment was investigated using coagulation and flocculation, a key and effective process for reducing wastewater pollutant loads. In this regard, the pollutant reduction performance of Vicia faba as a natural coagulant was examined. To effectively extract the active component of the natural coagulant, the extraction process was carried out under various conditions using the maceration method. SPSS 23 software was utilized to determine the most effective extract. Based on the results, the extract obtained after 6 hours of maceration using a saline solution was selected as the most effective natural coagulant. To investigate and optimize the parameters influencing the coagulation and flocculation process, an OFAT (one-factor-at-a-time) approach was employed. Accordingly, the optimal operating conditions for the natural coagulant were determined as follows: pH 6, coagulant dosage 280 mg/L, rapid mixing time 2 minutes, and slow mixing time 30 minutes. The present study showed that, under the operating conditions, the removal efficiencies of COD, TSS, NH₄, and TP from septage were 42.01%, 54.11%, 63.77%, and 70.24%, respectively. These findings indicate that the OFAT method can effectively investigate the impact of operational parameters on the coagulation and flocculation process, and that the use of Vicia faba as a natural coagulant can be proposed as an effective and sustainable option for reducing septage pollutants.</p>http://journal.eri.acecr.ir/Article/52629Septage Coagulant Coagulation and Flocculation Extraction Maceration Vicia fabaperپژوهشکده محیط زیست جهاددانشگاهیپژوهش و فناوری محیط زیست2676-30602676-30602026-051119108126articleیاسر حسینیy_hoseini@uma.ac.ir1Professor, Department of Water Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.<p style="text-align: justify;">This study evaluated the groundwater quality of the Moghan Plain based on the Wilcox Index using geostatistical methods. The evaluation results obtained using the cokriging method showed that the covariograms of the random variables electrical conductivity (EC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) followed the Stable model. For the SAR variable, the covariogram had a nugget effect of 0.01 and a sill of 0.08, whereas these values were 0.02 and 1.07, respectively, for electrical conductivity. These findings indicate the dominance of the structured component of the covariogram over its unstructured component and confirm the strong spatial structure of both random variables. Furthermore, the results showed that geostatistical methods, particularly the simple cokriging model, provided accurate estimates of groundwater quality, with a coefficient of determination (R&sup2;) of 0.67 and a normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) of 0.34 for SAR, and an R&sup2; of 0.99 and an NRMSE of 0.007 for electrical conductivity. Overall, approximately 1% of the groundwater in the plain was classified as C2S1, indicating its suitability for agricultural use. Among the remaining 99% of the groundwater, which exhibited high salinity and was unsuitable for agriculture, nearly 14% also had excessive sodium levels, making it unsuitable for irrigation.</p>http://journal.eri.acecr.ir/Article/52429Assessment Geostatistics Water quality GIS Zoningperپژوهشکده محیط زیست جهاددانشگاهیپژوهش و فناوری محیط زیست2676-30602676-30602026-051119127140articlesajjad solat shahrestanisajjadsolat1@gmail.com1mehdi hesammhesam@guilan.ac.ir2Master's degree, Department of Geography anM.Sc., Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.d Urban Planning, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Guilan, Rasht, IranAssociate Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.<p style="text-align: justify;">The lived experience of the host community in relation to tourism focuses on local residents&rsquo; perceptions as stakeholders in the tourism sector and documents how they experience activities and interactions between local people and tourists. Given the importance of the local community&rsquo;s perspectives in enhancing their participation in tourism, the present study examines the lived experiences of villagers in Sangar District regarding tourism across various economic, socio-cultural, and environmental dimensions. This descriptive-analytical study was conducted using a survey method. To collect the data, a Likert-scale questionnaire was employed, which was completed by 384 villagers. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software through descriptive and inferential statistical tests. The results of the study showed that tourism has had positive effects on the rural economy, including job creation and income growth. These positive impacts are particularly evident in the areas of agriculture and handicrafts, enabling villagers to make better use of their local resources. However, this study has also identified challenges associated with tourism, including environmental degradation, socio-cultural changes, and pressure on natural resources.</p>http://journal.eri.acecr.ir/Article/50207Lived experience tourism economic development environmental impacts Villages of Sangar Districtperپژوهشکده محیط زیست جهاددانشگاهیپژوهش و فناوری محیط زیست2676-30602676-30602026-051119141152articleHiva Abdihivaabdi1988@gmail.com1Khosrow Chehrikhchehri@gmail.com2Naser Kariminkarimie@yahoo.com3MSc student in microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.Associated Professor, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah.Professor, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah.<p style="text-align: justify;">The concentration of heavy metals in the environment is constantly increasing due to their extensive applications. Because of their toxicity, they must be removed using various physical, chemical, or biological technologies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biosorption efficiency of cadmium by a non-pathogenic Fusarium solani species complex isolated from agricultural soil in the Mahidasht region of Kermanshah Province. For this purpose, 10 agricultural soil samples were collected from different agricultural fields in the Mahidasht region of Kermanshah Province. All fungal isolates were isolated, purified, and identified. To assess the cadmium biosorption capability of the obtained strains belonging to the Fusarium solani species complex, all strains were cultured in potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium. The culture media were then spiked with cadmium solutions at concentrations of 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 300 mg/L. Subsequently, the amount of cadmium accumulated by the strains was investigated. In this study, 10 isolates belonging to the Fusarium solani species complex were isolated, purified, and identified from different agricultural fields in the Mahidasht region of Kermanshah Province. The amounts of cadmium biosorbed at concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 mg/L were 1.22, 4.36, and 6.64 mg/L, respectively. Based on the results, cadmium biosorption by the Fusarium solani species complex increased with increasing metal concentration during the initial stages. However, at higher cadmium concentrations of 150, 200, and 300 mg/L, no biosorption was observed.</p>http://journal.eri.acecr.ir/Article/50875Biosorption Agricultural Soil Cadmium Fusarium solaniperپژوهشکده محیط زیست جهاددانشگاهیپژوهش و فناوری محیط زیست2676-30602676-30602026-051119153173articleNiloofar Abedinzadehpanahandeh@acecr.ac.ir1niloofar Abedinzaden.abedinzadeh@gmail.com2Sadaf FeyziFeyzisadaf@gmail.com3Faculty Member, Environmental Research Institute, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Rasht, Iran.Faculty Member, Environmental Research Institute, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Rasht, Iran.Researcher, Environmental Research Institute, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Rasht, Iran.<p style="text-align: justify;">Optimizing waste flows in Gilan Province requires a regional approach due to the spatial distribution of population, variations in waste generation, and the uneven distribution of waste-processing capacities. This study aims to develop a linear programming model for allocating municipal solid waste from the selected counties to three regional hubs&mdash;central, eastern, and western&mdash;with the objective of minimizing the total weighted transportation distance. Each county was assigned to a single hub, while constraints related to complete waste allocation and processing capacity were incorporated into the model. The model was solved using LINGO software, and sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the robustness of the results to changes in waste composition and facility capacities. The results showed that, of the total daily waste generation of 1,516.9 tons, the central hub received 889.65 tons (58.6%), the eastern hub received 359.5 tons (23.7%), and the western hub received 267.75 tons (17.6%). The allocated waste included 986 tons of compostable waste, 303.38 tons of reject waste, and 227.54 tons of recyclable materials per day. The objective function value, representing the total weighted transportation distance, was 26,417.35 ton-kilometers per day. The capacity and sensitivity analyses indicated that the type and spatial distribution of processing capacities, in addition to their overall magnitude, are important determinants of network performance. The proposed three-hub structure can therefore provide a suitable framework for regional municipal solid waste management planning in Gilan Province.</p>http://journal.eri.acecr.ir/Article/51739Municipal Solid Waste Management Linear Programming Model Regional Hub Allocation Gilan Provinceperپژوهشکده محیط زیست جهاددانشگاهیپژوهش و فناوری محیط زیست2676-30602676-30602026-051119174187articleReza Zamanireza.zamani2797@iau.ir1Mohammad Dehdar Dargahidehdardargahi@gmail.com2mahsa Hakimi Abedmahsahakimi2020@iau.ac.ir3mahmoud Bidarlordbidar.zist@gmail.com4Department of Environment, La.C. Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran.Department of Environment, La.C. Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran.Department of Environment, La.C. Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran.Natural Resources, Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, (AREEO), Rasht, Iran.<p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Saccharum spontaneum</em> is recognized as an invasive species in many tropical and subtropical regions. Despite its spread along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea, no comprehensive assessment of its invasion risk and ecological impacts has been conducted in Iran. This study presents the first invasion risk assessment of <em>S. spontaneum</em> in Iran and examines its environmental impacts in coastal ecosystems of northern Iran. Field surveys were conducted during the growing seasons from 2022 to 2026 along the southern Caspian coastline. Species occurrence, habitat characteristics, and ecological impacts were recorded using the line-transect method. Invasion risk was assessed using the Weed Risk Assessment (WRA) system, while environmental and socio-economic impacts were assessed using the EICAT and SEICAT frameworks, respectively. The results showed that the species forms dense, nearly monospecific stands in pristine sandy coastal habitats, as well as along roadsides, in abandoned lands, and in degraded coastal habitats. The risk assessment classified <em>S. spontaneum</em> as Very High Risk. The most important environmental impacts included competition for space and light, alteration of vegetation structure, changes in species composition, and reduced abundance of the native coastal species <em>Convolvulus persicus</em>. According to EICAT, the species was assigned to the Major (MR) impact category. The SEICAT assessment indicated Moderate (MO) socio-economic impacts, including reduced tourist access to some beaches, declining visual quality of coastal landscapes, and increased management costs for infested habitats.</p>http://journal.eri.acecr.ir/Article/54528Biological invasion Coastal dunes Saccharum spontaneum EICAT SEICAT Invasive species Boujagh National Park